Democracy Incentivizes Bullshit: From Weak Incentives to Epistemic Crises

Licon, Jimmy Alfonso

doi:10.5840/socphiltoday202485112

Social Philosophy Today

Volume 40, 2024

Conflict, Crisis, and Catastrophe

Jimmy Alfonso Licon

Pages 113-126

https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday202485112

Democracy Incentivizes Bullshit
From Weak Incentives to Epistemic Crises

Democracies face an epistemic crisis: incentivizing bullshit. Here “bullshit”—coined by philosopher Harry Frankfurt—means convincing truth-insensitive statements or claims. This paper focuses on several democratic factors that incentivize bullshit: deliberative transparency, epistemic spillover effects, and rational irrationality. These factors pollute the epistemic commons, decrease institutional trust, and enact epistemic injustice. Unfortunately, it is difficult to separate democratic governance from incentivizing bullshit.

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